Chemistry 20

- Describe how modelling, evidence, and theory account for the structure, chemical bonding, and properties of ionic compounds.

- Describe the role of modelling, evidence, and theory in explaining and understanding the structure, chemical bonding, and properties of molecular substances.

- Recall principles for naming molecular substances.

- Explain why formulas for molecular substances specify the number of atoms of each constituent element.

- Relate electron pairing to covalent and multiple bonds.

- Draw electron dot (Lewis) diagrams for atoms and molecules. - Write structural formulas for molecular substances. - Use Lewis structures to predict bonding in simple molecules.

- Apply VSEPR theory to predict shapes of linear, angular (V-shaped/bent), trigonal planar, tetrahedral, and trigonal pyramidal molecules.

- Illustrate the structure of simple molecular substances by drawing or building models.

- Explain intermolecular forces, including London (dispersion) forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding.

- Relate substance properties (e.g., melting and boiling points, enthalpies of fusion and vaporization) to predicted intermolecular bonding.

- Determine the polarity of a molecule using simple molecular shapes and unequal charge distribution.

- Describe bonding as a continuum from complete electron transfer to equal sharing of electrons.

- Recall the principles for naming ionic compounds.

- Explain why ionic compound formulas use the simplest whole-number ratio of ions that yields a net charge of zero.

- Define valence electron. - Define electronegativity. - Define ionic bond. - Define intramolecular force.

- Use the periodic table and electron dot diagrams to explain and support ionic bonding theory.

- Explain how an ionic bond results from the simultaneous attraction of oppositely charged ions

- Explain that ionic compounds form lattices and how these structures relate to properties (e.g., melting point, solubility, reactivity).

- Formulate questions about observed relationships and plan investigations of questions, ideas, problems, and issues - Design an investigation to determine the properties of ionic compounds (solubility, conductivity, and melting point) (IP–NS2) - Describe procedures for the safe handling, storage, and disposal of laboratory materials, with reference to WHMIS and consumer product labelling information (IP–NS4) - Research the question, "Should all scientific research have a practical application?" (IP–NS1) [ICT C2–4.1] - Design an experiment to explore the formation of ionic compounds (IP–NS2)

- Explain that the goal of science is knowledge about the natural world (NS1). - Identify everyday processes and products in which ionic compounds are significant, such as in the composition of household products and foods, and in life processes.

- Conduct investigations into relationships among observable variables, using a broad range of tools and techniques to gather and record data and information. - Draw electron dot diagrams (CT–NS2). - Build models of ionic solids (CT–NS2). - Perform an investigation to illustrate properties of ionic compounds (PR–NS3, PR–NS5). - Use the periodic table to predict bonding and nomenclature (PR–NS1, AI–NS1), and use model-building software to collect and integrate information on ionic crystal structure (PR–NS4) [ICT C6–4.4].

- Explain that scientific knowledge and theories develop through hypotheses, evidence collection, investigation, and the ability to provide explanations (NS2). - Describe how understanding electronegativity contributes to knowledge of relative bond strength and the melting and boiling points of ionic compounds.

- Analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop and assess possible solutions. - Analyze experimental data to determine the properties of ionic compounds (AI–NS6) [ICT C7–4.2]. - Use data from various sources to predict the strength of bonds between ions (PR–NS1, AI–NS2) [ICT C6–4.1].

- Explain that scientific knowledge can lead to new technologies, and that new technologies can lead to or facilitate scientific discovery (ST4) [ICT F2–4.4, F2–4.8]. - Explain how scientific research and technology interact in the production and distribution of beneficial materials, such as semiconductors, ceramics, and composite materials.

- Work collaboratively to solve problems and apply scientific skills and conventions to communicate information and assess results. - Use appropriate Système international (SI) units, including fundamental and derived units, and significant digits (CT–NS2). - Use numeric, symbolic, graphical, and linguistic representations to communicate ideas, plans, and results (CT–NS2). - Critically analyze models of ionic compounds built by others (CT–NS3).

- Formulate questions about observed relationships and plan investigations of questions, ideas, problems, and issues. - State a hypothesis and predict properties of molecular substances based on attractive forces (e.g., melting point, boiling point, enthalpies of fusion and vaporization) (IP–NS3). - Describe safe handling, storage, and disposal procedures for laboratory materials, referencing WHMIS and consumer product labelling information (IP–NS4).

- Explain that the goal of science is knowledge about the natural world (NS1). - Identify everyday processes and products in which molecular substances are significant, such as in the composition of household products and foods and in life processes. - Identify processes and products in which molecular substances are significant, such as the use of adhesives and rubber by Aboriginal peoples.

- Investigate relationships among observable variables, using a broad range of tools and techniques to gather and record data and information. - Build models depicting the structure of simple covalent molecules, including selected organic compounds (CT–NS2). - Determine the melting or boiling point of a molecular substance through investigation (PR–NS3, PR–NS5). - Use a thermometer and a conductivity apparatus to collect data (PR–NS2). - Compare the physical properties of molecular substances through investigation (PR–NS3) [ICT F1–4.2].

- Explain that scientific knowledge and theories develop through hypotheses, evidence collection, investigation, and explanation (NS2). - Relate chemical properties to predicted intermolecular bonding by investigating melting and boiling points.

- Analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop and assess possible solutions. - Graph and analyze data for trends and patterns in the melting and boiling points of a related series of molecular substances (AI–NS2) [ICT C7–4.2].

- Explain that scientific knowledge can change as new evidence emerges and as laws and theories are tested and revised, reinforced, or rejected (NS4). - Explain how scientific research and technology interact in producing and distributing beneficial materials, such as polymers, household products, and solvents. - Investigate how knowledge of the structure of matter advances through nanotechnology research and development.

- Collaborate to solve problems, and apply scientific skills and conventions to communicate information and assess results. - Analyze and objectively evaluate models and graphs created by others (CT–NS3). - Research how scientists develop and analyze new materials (PR–NS1) [ICT C2–4.1].